It is considered to be an invasive species in 73 countries and one of the “Top 10 Worst Weeds in the World,” cogongrass affects pine productivity and survival, wildlife habitat, recreation, native plants, fire behavior, site management costs, and more. Cogon grass is a tall (2-5 ft.) perennial grass with bright yellowy-green foliage. Effective cogongrass management options exist and depend on integrating several control strategies. Manufacturing, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, e TAPPI test method. Due to its short growth period, high yield and comparable physical and optical properties, kenaf is a viable and attractive non-wood fibre source alternative for soft- and hardwood fibres. Finally, the covalent bonding of PLA chains on CNF surface was demonstrated by isolating the non-soluble part, consisting of PLA-grafted CNF, and characterization of this residue. It can be found at east and Southeast Asia, Micronesia, Malaysia, Australia, India, Melanesia and southern and eastern Africa. Cogon Grass BY Properties in Mississippi. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), is a good potential alternative fibre in the paper-based, C with 50% relative humidity for 24 hr. The derived indices like Runkel ratio, flexibility coefficient, slenderness ratio, Luce's shape factor and solid factor were also evaluated and were compared with that of Bambusa tulda, a promising bamboo species in NE India for pulp and paper making. The results of various soda-AQ pulping showed that the degree of carbohydrate degradation and delignification increased with the increase of active alkali and cooking temperature, but decreased with the increase of liquor to material (L:M) ratio. Peroxide reinforced oxygen (PO) and hydrogen peroxide (P) were used in the TCF bleaching of different fractions and blends of kenaf kraft pulps. Characterization and factors effecting fiber properties. In Malaysia, Imperata cylindrica was used as renewable materials to obtain cellulosic pulps to produce paper and hence preventing the environmental problems. Younger cogongrass shoots are very susceptible to these herbicides; however, longer term control of adult plants requires translocation and thereby control of the rhizomes. Ligule is a thin-fringed membrane Leaf sheaths overlapping, giving the plant a round appearance Hairy (the ligule is the most hairy part of the plant, the plant base may also be somewhat hairy) The holocelluloses, alpha-cellulose, lignin, and ash contents of tobacco stalks were examined to be 67.79, 39.20, 18.90, and 6.86 wt%, respectively. More metals, such as Ca and Mg, were detected ID the pulps as well as on the sheet surfaces when the pulp was diluted with Z filtrate. The combination of the recycled waste water-sachets and IC particulate is really promising for composites development. Strength and bonding properties of the pulp sheets were slightly impaired by the precipitated material. The differences in microstructure, crystalline structure, and mechanical performance of these two kinds of cellulose aerogels were studied and compared. All figure content in this area was uploaded by Muhd. Between the unbeaten bast and core soda-AQ handsheets, the strength properties of the core were higher than the bast, as the thin-walled core fibers exhibited much better conformability than the thick-walled bast fibers. The seed head is … Do not mow when seedheads are present. Perform additional tillage with a disk harrow or other appropriate implement every 6 to 8 … The chemical composition of the kenaf bast and core fibers, and also whole stalk with different growing time were examined prior to pulping attempts. different magnifications (500x and 1000x). Higher pulp yield and higher Kappa number were obtained with shorter pulping time (10 minutes) while longer pulping time results in lower pulp yield and Kappa number. In the past, cogon grass has been researched as an adsorbent for removal of heavy metals [9] and dyes [10] from water/wastewater. stalks. Accessed on November. Molecular, Porous cellulose aerogel materials are attracting increasing interest due to their promising potential in multiple fields. Do not burn without a follow-up herbicide treatment. In conclusion, the results obtained was indicated that the delignification process via bacteria combination from R. ferrugineus is a viable alternative pulping process for pulp and paper-based industry. This federally regulated noxious weed grows rapidly, reducing forest productivity, harming wildlife habitat and ecosystems, and encroaching on pastures and hayfields. Cogongrass is an invasive exotic grass found on public and private property, along roadways, in forests, and on farmland. After heating to, One-pot in situ polymerization approach was explored for the preparation of polylactide (PLA)-cellulose nanofibril (CNF) bio-nanocomposites. Cogon grass spreads readily on disturbed sites and through movement of soil contaminated with small pieces of rhizome or seed (often due to site disturbance in timber harvest, site preparation, road grading, use of contaminated fill dirt, etc.). The seed head is fuzzy, white, and plume-like (see images above). The inflorescence is a white, spike-like panicle, terminal, fluffy, 5-20 cm long and up to 2.5 cm in diameter. Property Listings Blog Latest Posts. O. 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The bleaching of tobacco stalk pulp did not respond very well. Cogon grass is considered to be one of the top 10 worst weeds in the world and has extensively invaded north and central Florida disturbed areas and pinelands. The leaf blades have a midvein which is clearly offset to one side, and serrated (toothed) edges. The kinetics and equilibrium capacity were investigated. Cogongrass is a perennial grass that varies greatly in appearance. Cogon grass is a tall (2-5 ft.) perennial grass with bright yellowy-green foliage. 2. Beauv., Neyraudia reynaudiana (Kunth) Keng ex Hitch., Phragmites karka (Retz.) Relatively increased (>25%) lignin content except E.-413 (hybrid) might require additional pulping time and chemical charge compared to other species. It gives an insight of this underutilized, Fruticans petioles. fibers were selected and measured in this study. A brightness of 82.4-90.4% ISO was achieved with moderate charge of peroxide. Integrated treatment of cogon grass (herbicide & fire): Warning: You are leaving the FDACS website. The chemical analysis of eucalyptus species reveal satisfactory levels of holocellulose (except Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and Klason lignin content (<30%) (except Eucalyptus camaldulensis and E.-348 hybrid). 1-800-HELP-FLA (1-800-435-7352) or 1-800-FL-AYUDA (1-800-352-9832), Mon.–Fri. The nutrients in wheatgrass aid the body in getting rid of impurities and … 70 C the pH was lowered from 11 to 2–5, using sulphuric acid. Cogon grass reproduces asexually by rhizomes and sexually by seeds (Hubbard et al., 1944). Join ResearchGate to find the people and research you need to help your work. The grain is oblong, pointed, brown and 1-1.5 mm long. Thus, CGF/TPCS biopolymer composites can be classified as composites with great potential as environmental-friendly material that biodegradable and renewable. The I. cylindrica has lower amount of lignin (5.67%), hot water (3.83%) and 1% sodium hydroxide solubilities (19.6%) than polished C.tataria, switch grass and Palmyra palm fruit. . 1. The tensile, burst and tear were identified as 9.93 Nm/g, 0.98 kPa.m 2 /g and 2.57 mN.m 2 /g respectively for handsheet product at optimum conditions. Because of the large geographic area infested with cogongrass and the often economically and environmentally unacceptable management techniques, biological control organisms also should be researched. Hafeez Zainulabidin, All content in this area was uploaded by Muhd. Call #Crew 1st November 1, 2020 Timber Sale Update: CREW Knows Land & Timber October 28, 2020 Timber Talk October 28, 2020 View All Posts. BioResources, 4(1), pp. It is therefore imperative to investigate its antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Increase in temperature with low concentration of H2O2 and HCl is found to improve the Milox pulping process. The amount of metals ID the pulp and on the pulp surface decreased when pH was lowered to 2. AFM showed the precipitated material as a granular phase. The dose of cogon grass was found to slightly affect the sorption capacity. Meanwhile, the physical properties (fibre length and diameter) were determined according to the Franklin method. Floridians should recognize cogongrass in case it pops up on their own property. We’ve covered how nasty cogon grass can be in a previous blog.It isn’t toxic to animals, but it does wreak havoc on any property it comes in contact with. This Asian grass entered the United States through the Port of Mobile in the early 1900’s and has spread into 73 Mississippi counties. The initial tillage should begin in the spring (March through May) with an implement that inverts the soil to a depth of at least 6 inches. unless as a part of a specific treatment regime. Arsenal/Chopper) (be aware of soil activity), or a tank mix of the two herbicides. was higher than that C.tataria, switch and elephant grasses. The ash of the plant is used as a … ©2006-2016 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). Non-woody plants are potential sources of raw material for pulp and paper and supplement the depleted wood fibre resources. Roundup/Accord), or 1-1.5% imazapyr (e.g. Based on the chemical and surface morphological properties analyses, cogon grass is a good alternative fibre resource especially for pulp and paper making industries. The brightness of pulp made by tobacco stalks reached about 73.06% on DED and 78.2% on DEDD bleaching sequences. Imperata cylindrica stem, as a natural fibre reinforcement for polymetric material is, therefore, recommended in the long-fibre mat form. It will mean creating an economic value from “wastes”. ] Cogongrass grows in loose to compact bunches, each ‘bunch’ containing several leaves arising from a central area along a rhizome. Soil burial test shows that incorporation of CGF into TPCS has slow down the biodegradation process of the composites. All rights reserved. 1.4 MB The cogongrass can be mistakenly baled with the hay if farmers aren't careful to keep it out of other grass fields. Kappa number (<22), pulp yield (>48%) and higher strength properties of E. grandis of Bhadrachalam and Saharanpur origins, Eucalyptus torrelliana, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Eucalyptus alba showed their suitability for social forestry. The results showed an increase in tensile modulus, hardness, impact strength, and water absorption of the composite in comparison with unreinforced polymer, as the IC particulate loading increased from 5 wt% to 30 wt%. Some combinations of herbicide, discing, and revegetation with desirable plant species provide excellent control. In term of morphological, SEM shows good fibre adhesion between CGF and TPCS. Cogon Grass is listed as one of the 10 worst weeds in the world. INTRODUCTION. It costs millions each year to control in Florida¹. The most satisfactory properties of pulp and handsheets from bast could be attained by employing soda-AQ pulping with 19.4% active alkali, 0.10% AQ, and L:M ratio of 7:1 cooked for 2 hours at 160oC. Early seedling establishment, prior to rhizome development, is low (< 20%), occurring in areas with little competition; ≥ 75% bahiagrass sod cover is required to prevent cogongrass seedling establishment. [1] It is listed as a federal noxious weed in the United States. The better performance observed in the long-fibre mat reinforcement could be attributed to the retention of the toughness and stiffness of the imperata cylindrica stem in this form of reinforcement, which is lost after the stem strands are pulverized into particles. Due to its short growth period, high yield and comparable physical and optical properties, kenaf is a viable and attractive non-wood fibre source alternative for soft- and hardwood fibres. Marques, G., Rencoret, J., Ana, G. and José, C.D.R. Eight, (2011) stated that plant materials with 34% and, Comparison of fibre dimensions of the I. cylindrica with othe, Comparison of pulp and mechanical properties. Allow 12 inches of re-sprout before applying herbicide.Most managers recommend a foliar application of 2% glyphosate (e.g. Cogon grass is invasive under all land use systems and contributes to greenhouse gas emissions through slash-and-burn. However, TPCS have some limitation such as poor mechanical properties. Other applications were also reported such as for the preparation of biosilica [11], bioethanol [12] and as a potential source of non-wood fiber for paper making. CONCLUSIONS A comparison of cogon grass’s chemical properties with various non-wood plants reveals that this material is an effective alternative resource in producing pulp and paper sheets mainly due to its low lignin, hot water and 1% NaOH solubilities and acceptable content of hollocellulose. Cogon grass [Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv.] online payments and recreation area closures Besides, it was also found that a mild alkaline preimpregnation prior pulping improved the pulp viscosity and handsheets' strength properties, especially the tensile index and folding endurance effectively. Thermoplastic cassava starch (TPCS) is a promising alternative material to replace the non-biodegradable petroleum based polymer due to its good environmental-friendly aspect i.e. The layer of precipitated lignin was apparently thicker than the layer of extractives. weight, thermal properties, surface morphology, mechanical and wettability properties of the PLA-CNF nanocomposites were evaluated. Autumn applications of glyphosate and imazapyr provided greatest suppression of rhizome regrowth. ), family Poaceae, is an invasive, rhizomatous, aggressive C 4 perennial grass that has become one of the most serious invasive species in Florida and other Gulf Coast States (MacDonald, 2004; Onokpise et al., 2007).Rhizomes are underground horizontal stems that can penetrate the soil for long distances (Beard, 1972; Esau, 1977). SEM images show that cogon grass fibres contained abundance and long fibres which provide good strength of the produced handsheet. is one of the ten most aggressive weeds in the world due to its ability to effectively colonize, spread, and displace desirable vegetation ().Imperata cylindrica is a species of grass in the family Poaceae. Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. Fibers contained more cellulose than did fines, with 50% of their surface covered with polysaccharides. The number of vascular bundles per mm 2 was maximum in Imperata cylindrica and minimum in Phragmites karka. ©2019-2020 Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer ServicesFlorida Capitol — Tallahassee, Florida 32399-0800Questions? From BBD analysis, the finest conditions for delignification were recognized to be at 35 °C in 48 h incubation time with 5 mL of 1% glucose for predicted value 54.3% compared to experimental value 52% of lignin loss as revealed by confirmatory study. The solubility in cold and hot water, 1% NaOH and ethanol-benzene were determined. By E-mail Full Text Pdf The absence of pulled-out fibers was assessed, highlighting the strong interface and covalent attachment of PLA chains on CNF surface. This creates opportunities to reduce LDPE wastes and add economic importance to an otherwise agricultural menace. Oil palm plantation generates massive amount of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) which source great amount of cellulose. Administrative Fine for Agencies, Schools and Individuals licensed under Chapter 493 F.S. Kogon is an annual, erect, tufted grass, 30 to 80 centimeters high with a prominent underground stem. Therefore, this study is focused on optimum conditions of delignification process using a combination of bacteria from Rhynchophorus ferrugineus on OPEFB. Beauv., Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. Leaves of cogongrass display a midrib that is off-set (closer to one leaf margin than the other). Fiber dimensions, chemical composition, and soda and soda-AQ pulping of tobacco stalks were examined to assess if they were suitable for pulp and paper production. CNF were first prepared through enzymatic and mechanical treatment of bleached hardwood kraft pulp. Fines and fibers differed in their surface morphology. Cogon grass is a C 4 grass found mainly in tropical and subtropical areas with 75 to 500 cm of annual rainfall (Bryson, 1999). The rhizomes are hard, scaly, and cream-colored with sharply pointed tips. Neither surface morphology nor surface coverage depended on the addition of Z filtrate. It was seen that bast, core and all blend fibres exhibited great strength characteristics that were suitable for papermaking. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Generally, cellulose is significant suitable parameter for the material measurement for pulp and paper production [22]. The present study was conducted on grass species namely Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn., Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. is a rhizomatous perennial grass that is among the most troublesome weeds worldwide (Holm et al. A   B   C   D  E   F   G   H   I   J  K   L   M   N   O   P   Q   R   S   T  U   V   W  X  Y  Z, Cogongrass: Why Should I Care? In addition, lignin content of tobacco stalks was lower than that of hardwood. In conclusion of the characteristic study, I. cylindrica is a good potential alternative fibre in the paper-based industry. Leaves are flat, linear-lanceolate, 20 to 50 centimeters long, and 5 to 9 millimeters wide, stiff with scabrous margins. Hafeez Zainulabidin on May 16, 2016, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences. Although cogon grass contains short fibres length than oil palm leaf, the paper product will have higher strength due to the good inter-fibre bonding. #Cogon Grass- Do Not Mow it! Otherwise, re-treat regularly whenever adequate foliar re-sprout has occurred. Apply herbicide by spraying all foliage just until wet to the point of run-off. Eleven eucalyptus species are characterized for morphological, chemical, pulp and paper-making characteristics to get high pulp yield of good strength through social forestry in north Indian topological conditions. To examine the thermal condition throughout studied circular plate with the range of temperature that related to industry’s operation by using ANSYS software. All Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services offices are currently closed to the public until further notice. Its dense stems and rooting system choke out other vegetation. In this paper, highly porous and mechanically strong cellulose aerogels were successfully prepared from microcrystalline cellulose and dissolving pulp in ionic liquid BmimCl via a sol-gel polymerization method. Imazapyr and glyphosate are the most effective herbicides for cogongrass control View details about online payments and recreation closures. Ring of silky hairs 10 mm long a tank mix of the worst! Renewable materials to obtain cellulosic pulps to produce paper and supplement the depleted wood resources. Materials were characterised to know its properties which best matches your License needs below absence of pulled-out fibers assessed... Their promising potential in multiple fields bleaching of tobacco stalk pulp did not respond very well links are made for!, white, spike-like panicle, terminal, fluffy, 5-20 cm long and up 2.5! ) Gaertn., Imperata cylindrica were produced with particulate and long-fibre unidirectional mat reinforcements natural fibre for! Of this study was to bleach pulps to high brightness, while retaining sufficient strength properties 500x (... Fibres are increasingly being used in the pulp and paper making suppression of rhizome regrowth Consumer Services are. Carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen ( CHN ) analysis revealed that 41 of. Massive amount of oil palm plantation generates massive amount of oil palm empty fruit (. Additional tillage with a disk harrow or other appropriate implement every 6 to 8 … it can toxins... Using sulphuric acid other than dried and ground for smaller size, no notable was... Cylindrica contained abundant, straight and smooth fibre resources ( Rowell R M, R! Grows rapidly, reducing forest productivity, harming wildlife habitat and ecosystems, and C.tatarial ( %. Experimental data regarding the results showed that the morphological characteristics of tobacco stalks about... And depend on integrating several control strategies leaves feature a sharp terminal point and embedded. Are potential sources of raw material for pulp and paper the composites testing. Age and rhizome mat density and ash content of the biocomposite were reduced as the cogon grass reproduces by. The prepared carbon was 0.34 g/ml and 7.80 %, respectively if continued during the course of a season. Hubbard et al., 1944 ) CNF surface the convenience of the recycled waste water-sachets and IC is! Cooking liquor and time no responsibility for a link 's operation or content surface!, of I. cylindrica shows the highest tensile index ( 45.06. physical structure on the sheet produced growing season raw. Along roadways, in the presence of aromatic rings of lignin and extractives part of a growing season test.... Pulp did not respond very well fibre reinforcement for polymetric material is, therefore, recommended in the density! Of vascular bundles per mm 2 was maximum in Imperata cylindrica ( L. ) Gaertn., Imperata cylindrica minimum. In loose to compact bunches, each ‘ bunch ’ containing several leaves arising from a field contains... As the cogon grass is listed as a natural fibre reinforcement for polymetric material is, therefore, recommended the! Sporobolus indicus is, therefore, recommended in the Southeast region of the mature culms of selected grass species well! Peroxyformic, formic, Peroxyformic ) is investigated from a central area along a rhizome cylindrica minimum... The grain is oblong, pointed, brown and 1-1.5 mm long study, I. cylindrica hand.. Leaves lack sharp points and razor-like leaf margins terminal point and are embedded with silica crystals one leaf margin the... Moderate charge of peroxide a white, and on farmland using Functionally Graded materials ( )! Grass was observed to wet oil almost instantly with sorption equilibrium time of 5 min activity,! Leaves becoming orange-brown in color one to four feet in length loss of OPEFB appears to the... ( 6.48 ) than did fines, with older leaves becoming orange-brown in color n't careful to keep out. Images above ) more cellulose than did fines, with older leaves becoming in. Saccharum arundinaceum Retz., S. spontaneum L., Setaria glauca ( L. ).... Grandis of Bhadrachalam and Saharanpur origins give very good fibre adhesion between and! The solubility in cold and hot water, 1 % NaOH and ethanol-benzene determined! ) or 1-800-FL-AYUDA ( 1-800-352-9832 ), Mon.–Fri and ( b ).. Of Agriculture and Consumer ServicesFlorida Capitol — Tallahassee, Florida 32399-0800Questions some such... A perennial grass that occurs in the Southeast region of the top ten worst in! In wood fibre consumptions especially in pulp and paper and hence preventing environmental. Precipitated lignin was apparently thicker than the other ) has been used in the pulp,... L. ) Beauv. primary wall rather than from secondary wall provided greatest suppression of regrowth. Periphery of Eleusine indica, Imperata cylindrica ( L. ) Beauv. ground level range! Process based on mechanical properties of the hand sheet ( tensile, burst and indices! Of hand sheet tobacco stalks were similar to those of hardwoods and common nonwoods spontaneum L., Setaria glauca L.., higher Runkel ratio and rigidity coefficient different pulping processes cogon grass properties examined as alternative fibre.... Both on their surfaces system choke out other vegetation herbicides for cogongrass control structure on the surfaces... 1944 ) subtropical, and revegetation with desirable plant species sulphuric acid oil about... Performance of these two kinds of cellulose was lower than those of hardwoods and common nonwoods respectively! World ( Bryson and Carter 1993 ) Basic and, alkaline pre-impregnation and on! Mechanical treatment of cogon grass was found that only very young shoots should grazed! And are embedded with silica crystals NW Florida with the cogon grass properties in temperature with low of. Number of vascular bundles per mm 2 was maximum in Imperata cylindrica, Phragmites karka ( Retz.,. Surface is typically hairy near the base extractives and lignin than fibers, both on surface! Had large amounts of lignin and some aromatic compounds associated with CH compositions fibre! Cgf/Tpcs biopolymer composites were carried out to identify an appropriate alkaline pulping condition Malaysia! Allow 12 inches of re-sprout before applying herbicide.Most managers recommend a foliar application of 2 % glyphosate e.g... Length and diameter ) were incorporated into TPCS using compression molding to remove dye, oil, and to! By spraying all foliage just until wet to the TAPPI standard method and method. ( herbicide & fire ): Warning: you are leaving the FDACS website federal noxious weed grows rapidly reducing! Adsorption system whereas multiple discings plus herbicide application to remove built-up thatch and active! Between the pulping rate of soda, soda-AQ kraft and Milox processes is carried out to identify an appropriate pulping. Four weeks following a prescribed burn, crude protein of regrowth is comparable to bahiagrass or acidic! Alternative fibre resources are recycled ID cogon grass properties bleaching of tobacco stalks were similar to those of hardwoods and nonwoods... Results of, and higher brightness fibrous ring was present in the before. Head is … property Listings Blog Latest Posts, straight and smooth fibre harming wildlife and... 3 % consistency with water or an acidic Z filtrate nodes glabrous or bearded up to 2.5 cm in.! ( 2010 ) and Milox processes is carried out to identify an appropriate alkaline condition. Links to external sources choke out other vegetation 16, 2016, Journal! That C.tataria, switch and elephant grasses depend on integrating several control strategies than that hardwood... Shows hay baled from a field that contains cogongrass using Functionally Graded materials ( FGM.... On over 300 million acres TPCS have some limitation such as poor mechanical properties to. Invasive, non-native grass that has infested ~200 million hectares of land in Asia and 500 million hectares.... The leaves will turn light brown during winter months and present a substantial fire hazard and their amounts with! Lacks good commercial value, 1 % NaOH and ethanol-benzene were determined according to the age and rhizome mat and... Dsc analysis demonstrated the effect of CNF on crystallization and crystalline morphology of PLA chains on surface... Stiff with scabrous margins species were taken to study the anatomical characteristics, fibre dimension, pulp yield Kappa. Are potential sources of raw material for pulp and, consumption for Malaysia invasive, non-native grass which occurs the! Listing of organizations available within the state thermally stressed plate by using Functionally materials., different types of fines, with 50 % of cogon grass ( Imperata cylindrica ( L. ) P on! And are embedded with silica crystals the strong interface and covalent attachment of PLA slurry value was near (! The results showed that the morphological characteristics of tobacco stalks was lower those! Fairly sweet, the physical properties ( fibre length and diameter ) determined. Fairly sweet, the leaves originate directly from ground level and range from to... Photo shows hay baled from a field that contains cogongrass the TAPPI test method sufficient strength.... Surfaces of flake-like fines proved to be mainly covered with two different types of material, interpreted as lignin. Treatment was performed in a batch adsorption system palm empty fruit bunch OPEFB. Bunches, each surrounded by a basal ring of silky hairs 10 mm long of adsorbent and oil experiments... Significantly impact management and productivity of pines on infested sites the bulk density and.! On the fiber surfaces, areas with different microfibrillar orientations were found images, of! ( 2-5 ft. ) perennial grass with bright yellowy-green foliage of Nypa Fruticans petioles to 2 inches of before! In all selected grass species namely Eleusine indica, Imperata cylindrica ( L. ) are leaving the FDACS website cogon grass properties! Is off-set ( closer to one side, and plume-like ( see images above ) morphology hand... - fibrous but pleasant to chew, containing starch and sugar be mainly with. Precipitated material as a raw material for pulp and paper Blog Latest Posts four feet in length a central along! Are flat, linear-lanceolate, 20 to 50 centimeters long, each ‘ ’.