Planck Satellite 2125 Fig. [5], On 13 January 2012, it was reported that the on-board supply of helium-3 used in Planck's dilution refrigerator had been exhausted, and that the HFI would become unusable within a few days. [July 2018] Polarization amplitude rms as a function of frequency and astrophysical components, evaluated on Cmmander components at a smoothing scale of 40 ′ FWHM. On each spacecraft, the power subsystem consists of a solar array, employing triple-junction solar cells, a battery and the power control unit (PCU). of frequencies. 1. The images show the separate physical Millimetre radiation is emitted, at some level, by all objects. [13], Some planned pointing list data from 2009 have been released publicly, along with a video visualization of the surveyed sky. By February 2010 Planck had successfully completed an all sky survey and had started on a second one. The sophisticated procedure to establish all six one-way links is called the constellation acquisition. [28][29] This map suggests the Universe is slightly older than thought: according to the map, subtle fluctuations in temperature were imprinted on the deep sky when the Universe was about 370,000 years old. This situation occurs, since the presence of a monopole cannot be ascertained with the high frequency instrument, HFI [28]. The CMB intensity and polarization that are its prime targets are contaminated by foreground emission. D´esert a a Laboratoire d’Astrophysique, Observatoire de Grenoble BP 53, 414 rue de la piscine, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France On behalf of the Planck Consortium, with special thanks to J.–L. The satellite was successfully launched, along with the Herschel Space Observatory, at 13:12:02 UTC on 14 May 2009 aboard an Ariane 5 ECA heavy launch vehicle from the Guiana Space Centre. There are 22 detectors in total, distributed over all three frequencies. The manoeuvre to inject Planck into its final orbit around L2 was successfully completed on 3 July 2009, when it entered a Lissajous orbit with a 400,000 km (250,000 mi) radius around the L2 Lagrangian point. Since they are so sensitive to changes in temperature, the cryogenic cooling system has to be very stable. Aims. Planck has a diffraction limit of a few arc mins in the highest frequency bands (centered on 545 GHz and 857 GHz and with a 30% bandwidth), yielding a higher resolution than the required 5 arcmins. More agreement with previous WMAP results on parameters such as the density and distribution of matter in the Universe, as well as more accurate results with less margin of error. The spacecraft carries two instruments: the Low Frequency Instrument (LFI) and the High Frequency Instrument (HFI). 21/03/2013 94224 views 551 likes. Since the end of its mission, Planck has defined the most precise measurements of several key cosmological parameters, including the average density of ordinary matter and dark matter in the Universe and the age of the universe. Context. Planck provided a major source of information relevant to several cosmological and astrophysical issues, such as testing theorie… In the early evening of Sunday, October 7, 1900—120 years ago—Max Planck found the functional form of the curve that we now know as the Planck distribution of black-body radiation. Planck 2018 Commander-based polarized thermal dust amplitude map at 5 ′ FWHM resolution, evaluated at a mono-chromatic reference frequency of 353 GHz. The final deactivation command was sent to Planck in October 2013. The Planck satellite rotates at one revolution per minute, with an aim of an absolute pointing error less than 37 arc-minutes. Sky map of CMB polarization measured by the Planck satellite (2018). Its measurements reveal light patterns as small as one-twelfth of a degree on the sky. Er wurde ursprünglich unter dem Namen COBRAS/SAMBA evaluiert und später zu Ehren Max Plancks umbenannt. 21/03/2013 12822 views 75 likes. Puget, F. R. Bouchet, J.–M. The cosmic microwave background spectrum peaks at a frequency of 160.2 GHz. Aufgrund der Expansion des Universums ist dieses Licht heute über den gesamten Himmel verteilt auf Mikrowellenlängen zu sehen. 21/03/2013 16952 views 65 likes. The PCU is designed to interface with the 30 sections of each solar array, to provide a regulated 28 volt bus, to distribute this power via protected outputs, and to handle the battery charging and discharging. Planck's power spectrum of temperature fluctuations in the Cosmic Microwave Background [March 2013]. [38], http://sci.esa.int/planck/60499-from-an-almost-perfect-universe-to-the-best-of-both-worlds/, European cosmic microwave background observatory; medium-class mission in the ESA Science Programme, List of cosmological computation software, "The Planck space observatory is integrated on Ariane 5 for Arianespace's upcoming launch", "Royal Astronomical Society awards the 2018 Group Achievement Award to the Planck Team", "Coldest Known Object in Space Is Very Unnatural", "The Planck High Frequency Instrument (HFI)", "Super-cool Planck mission begins to warm", "Planck instruments reach their coldest temperature", "Last command sent to ESA's Planck space telescope", "Planck first light yields promising results", "New Planck images trace cold dust and reveal large-scale structure in the Milky Way", "Planck unveils the Universe – now and then", "Announcement of The Shaw Laureates 2018", "Planck Mission Brings Universe Into Sharp Focus", "Planck reveals an almost perfect Universe", "Universe as an Infant: Fatter Than Expected and Kind of Lumpy", "Planck probe's cosmic 'baby picture' revises universe's vital statistics", "European probe shoots down dark-matter claims", "Planck Publications: Planck 2015 Results", ESA launches Herschel Space Observatory and Planck Satellite, Cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB), Space Applications and Telecommunications Centre, Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility, European Launcher Development Organisation, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Planck_(spacecraft)&oldid=995087682, Derelict satellites in heliocentric orbit, Short description is different from Wikidata, Start-date transclusions with invalid parameters, End-date transclusions with invalid parameters, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from October 2017, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Articles to be expanded from January 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Body: 4.20 m × 4.22 m (13.8 ft × 13.8 ft), 300 µm – 11.1 mm (frequencies between 27 GHz and 1 THz), Power spectrum of curvature perturbations, 100× angular scale of sound horizon at last-scattering, Comoving size of the sound horizon at z = z, Redshift with baryon-drag optical depth = 1, high resolution detections of both the total intensity and polarization of primordial, observations of bright extragalactic radio (. It has mapped the full sky at nine frequencies spanning a factor of 30 in wavelength with a resolution and sensitivity superior to those of any previous experiment. Simulated maps of the Cosmic Microwave Background at all frequencies of the Planck satellite (30-1000 GHz) Some of the most important questions in modern science include. Aims. In this paper we present the whole catalogue of observations in total intensity. It is currently theorised that these ripples gave rise to the present vast cosmic web of galactic clusters and dark matter. So, the Planck and BICEP2 teams joined forces, combining the satellite's ability to deal with foregrounds using observations at several frequencies--including those where dust emission is strongest--with the greater sensitivity of the ground-based experiments over limited areas of the sky, thanks to their more recent, improved technology. Planck was commanded on 21 October to exhaust its remaining fuel supply; passivation activities were conducted later, including battery disconnection and the disabling of protection mechanisms. Planck is the successor to these satellites, covering a wider range of light frequencies with improved sensitivity and resolution. Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute) ... satellite thrusters and telescopes need to be adjusted so that the laser light sent from each satellite actually reaches its counterpart. i100, with its 6. It also observed in nine frequency bands rather than WMAP's five, with the goal of improving the astrophysical foreground models. Einblick in den Planck-Satelliten | In der Brennebene des Teleskops befinden sich das "Low Frequency Instrument" und das "High Frequency Instrument", die mit insgesamt 74 Detektoren für neun verschiedene Frequenzkanäle ausgestattet sind. The Planck satellite The Cosmic Microwave Background The Planck mission The satellite Around the L2 point Frequency maps The Cosmic Microwave Background Temperature angular power spectrum Implications for cosmology 9 / 25 Extremely sensitive microwave telescope for Cosmology (ESA) With two instruments: LFI / HFI 9 frequencies 30, 44, 70, 100, 143, 217, 353, 545, 857 GHz Main goal: getting … General description []. The CMB intensity and polarization that are its prime targets are contaminated by foreground emission. A compilation of all the papers using Planck data (by the Planck Collaboration and by o… [27], On 21 March 2013, the European-led research team behind the Planck cosmology probe released the mission's all-sky map of the cosmic microwave background. Its measurements reveal light patterns as small as one-twelfth of a degree on the sky. The use of multi-mode optics allows us to take advantage of increased sensitivity of the detection assembly over the diffraction limit. The Planck satellite was launched on 14 May 2009, and has been surveying the sky continuously since August 2009. One of the most surprising results from the Planck satellite is the measurement of cosmological parameters based on its three central frequencies, 100 GHz, 143 GHz and 217 GHz (Planck Collaboration (XV) 2013; Planck Collaboration (XVI) 2013) that nds a higher matter density, m = 0:315+0:016 0:018, a higher amplitude of matter uctuations, ˙ 8 Science & Exploration Planck cosmic recipe. The mission substantially improved upon observations made by the NASA Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP). [25], The Planck team and principal investigators Nazzareno Mandolesi and Jean-Loup Puget shared the 2018 Gruber Prize in Cosmology. [19], On 15 January 2010 the mission was extended by 12 months, with observation continuing until at least the end of 2011. Science & Exploration Planck CMB. Planck carried a telescope with a 1.5-metre primary mirror. [16], Planck started its First All-Sky Survey on 13 August 2009. The main mission of the satellite was to measure the cosmic microwave The mission had a wide variety of scientific aims, including:[5]. Image. On this page you can find a list of Planck publications, ordered as follows. Planck's passive and active cooling systems allow its instruments to maintain a temperature of −273.05 °C (−459.49 °F), or 0.1 °C above absolute zero. The HFI detectors are called “bolometers“, which are very sensitive thermometers. [15] The final deactivation command, which switched off the spacecraft's transmitter, was sent to Planck on 23 October 2013 at 12:10:27 UTC. 6 June 2019 ESA's Planck satellite has found no new evidence for the puzzling cosmic anomalies that appeared in its temperature map of the Universe. It is expected that most Planck measurements will be limited by how well foregrounds can be subtracted, rather than by the detector performance or length of the mission, a particularly important factor for the polarization measurements. The Planck satellite, named for Max Planck, the father of quantum theory, is designed to provide enough data to yield full-sky maps in eight frequency bands in the microwave regime between 30 and 857 gigahertz (billions of cycles per second). COBE had four (only three were useful), and WMAP had five. The Planck satellite … Last night, the detectors of Planck's High Frequency Instrument reached their amazingly low operational temperature of -273.05°C, making them the coldest known objects in space. These detection assemblies are divided into 6 frequency bands (centred at 100, 143, 217, 353, 545 and 857 GHz), each with a bandwidth of 33%. and LFI [22–26] on the Planck satellite is critical to under-standing whether the monopole of the 2.7K microwave back-ground is present at L2 [27]. According to the team, the Universe is 13.798±0.037x109 years old, and contains 4.82±0.05% ordinary matter, 25.8±0.4% dark matter and 69±1% dark energy. Its Jet Propulsion Laboratory built components of the science instruments, including bolometers for the high-frequency instrument, a 20-kelvin cryocooler for both the low- and high-frequency instruments, and amplifier technology for the low-frequency instrument. The microwave sky as seen by Planck [2010]. Planck is the third generation space mission, after COBE/DMR and WMAP, devoted to image the CMBR anisotropies. THE PLANCK TELESCOPE The telescope is composed by two mirrors placed in an off-axis scheme as reported in Figure 2. Planck satellite, which is scheduled for launch in 2007, will detect of order 104 clusters thanks to the optimal choice of filter bands around the frequencies relevant for the SZ effect. Science & Exploration Planck and the cosmic microwave background . (2013a) have conducted a study modeling Planck 353 GHz, 545 GHz, 857 GHz, and DIRBE/IRAS 100μm emission with a single-MBB spectrum. [3] The final papers by the Planck team were released in July 2018.[4]. The Planck satellite was an ideal tool for spectral studies of bright AGN. The instruments sit in a box just under the larger mirror, with the horns which collect the radiation poking out. To properly combine these maps, they must have the same point-spread function (PSF). There are 52 detectors in total, distributed over all six frequencies. "Planck is like the Ferrari of cosmic microwave background missions," said Krzysztof Gorski, a U.S Planck scientist at JPL. It was operated between May 2009 and October 2013 (including the extended missions), and during this time it surveyed the whole sky several times [3]. [14], In January 2012 the HFI exhausted its supply of liquid helium, causing the detector temperature to rise and rendering the HFI unusable. The Planck satellite is a project of the European Space Agency based on a wide international collaboration, including United States and Canadian laboratories. … The spacecraft performed a manoeuvre on 9 October to move it away from Earth and its L2 point, placing it into a heliocentric orbit, while payload deactivation occurred on 19 October. Planck satellite provides high sensitivity data with full sky cov-erage extending from 30 GHz to 853 GHz. On both spacecraft, a common design was used for the avionics, attitude control and measurement (ACMS), command and data management (CDMS), power, and tracking, telemetry and command (TT&C) subsystems. [5], The HFI was sensitive between 100 and 857 GHz, using 52 bolometric detectors, manufactured by JPL/Caltech,[8] optically coupled to the telescope through cold optics, manufactured by Cardiff University's School of Physics and Astronomy,[9] consisting of a triple horn configuration and optical filters, a similar concept to that used in the Archeops balloon-borne experiment. There are 52 detectors in total, distributed over all six frequencies. The LFI (cooled by helium-4) was expected to remain operational for another six to nine months. Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut) ... satellite thrusters and telescopes need to be adjusted so that the laser light sent from each satellite actually reaches its counterpart. [needs update]. Built at the Cannes Mandelieu Space Center by Thales Alenia Space, and created as a medium-sized mission for ESA's Horizon 2000 long-term scientific programme, Planck was launched in May 2009. It was designed to fulfil the pointing and slewing requirements of the Herschel and Planck payloads. Posted on June 29, 2016 June 30, 2016. These frequencies minimise the energy gap between the two electron populations responsible for radio and γ-rays emissions. Planck is the third western satellite to study the CMB. Within the framework of the Planck satellite polarization calibration, we present a study of the Crab Nebula spectral energy distribution (SED) over more than six decades in frequency ranging from 1 to 106 GHz (from 299 to 2.99 × 10−4 mm). [10] By this date, Planck had completed five full scans of the CMB, exceeding its target of two. Résumé Planck part cartographier l’Univers Planck est le premier satellite européen consacré à l’étude du rayonnement micro-onde cosmique. It was operated between May 2009 and October 2013 (including the extended missions), and during this time it surveyed the whole sky several times [3]. The sophisticated procedure to establish all six one-way links is called the constellation acquisition. Dabei handelt es sich um eine Strahlung, die vor etwa 13 Milliarden Jahren entstanden ist, etwa 380.000 Jahre nach dem Urknall. The Planck satellite was an ideal tool for spectral studies of bright AGN. To reduce this emission, the instruments are cooled to cryogenic temperatures, with HFI being at just 0.1 K (0.1o above absolute zero). The Soviets … Planck satellite constraints on Particle Physics with the measurements of Cosmic Microwave Background anisotropies F.–X. Structurally, the Herschel and Planck SVMs are very similar. The overall cost is estimated to be €700 million for the Planck[11] and €1,100 million for the Herschel mission. Image. ESA's Planck mission is the third generation satellite to study the Cosmic Microwave Background. Context: The planck satellite will map the full sky at nine frequencies from 30 to 857 GHz. [10], A common service module (SVM) was designed and built by Thales Alenia Space in its Turin plant, for both the Herschel Space Observatory and Planck missions, combined into one single program.[5]. On 21 March 2013, the mission's first all-sky map of the cosmic microwave background was released with an additional expanded release including polarization data in February 2015. The segments’ directions and lengths represent the polarization direction and amplitude, respectively, and the background represents a coarse-grain map of temperature fluctuations. Planck all-sky frequency maps. 1. Both instuments are cooled down to close to absolute zero by several cryogenic systems detailed here. [6], NASA played a role in the development of this mission and contributes to the analysis of scientific data. satellite provided complementary full-sky measurements at 10 IR wavelengths from 1.25 ... i100 along with the four highest-frequency Planck bands. The Planck satellite [1, 2] has measured CMB intensity maps at several different frequencies with both the Low Frequency Instrument (LFI) and the High Frequency Instrument (HFI). It was later renamed in honour of the German physicist Max Planck (1858–1947), who derived the formula for black-body radiation. [18] In September 2009, the European Space Agency announced the preliminary results from the Planck First Light Survey, which was performed to demonstrate the stability of the instruments and the ability to calibrate them over long periods. The low frequency instrument (LFI) will simultaneously observe the sky in three frequency bands centered at 30, 44 and 70 GHz. The ESA Planck Satellite. So, the Planck and BICEP2 teams joined forces, combining the satellite’s ability to deal with foregrounds using observations at several frequencies – including those where dust emission is strongest – with the greater sensitivity of the ground-based experiments over limited areas of the sky, thanks to their more recent, improved technology. Sky maps give the best estimate of the intensity of the signal from the sky after removal, as far as possible, of known systematic effects and of the dipole signals induced by the motion of the solar system in the CMB and of the Planck satellite in the solar system. A few hours earlier Hermann Rubens and his wife had vi The LFI will operate at four frequencies: 30GHz, 44GHz, 70GHz and 100GHz, by using an array of 28 feeds, each coupled to two channels exploiting the two linear polarizations, for a total of 56 channels, distributed in the four selected frequencies to … Low Frequency Instrument (LI): An array of 22 tuned radio receivers that was operated at –253°C. [23][24], On 5 May 2014 a map of the galaxy's magnetic field created using Planck was published. Launched in 2009, Planck was designed to map the sky in nine frequencies using two state-of-the-art instruments: the Low Frequency Instrument, which includes three frequency bands in the range 30–70 GHz, and the High Frequency Instrument, which includes six frequency bands in the range 100–857 GHz. Although the values of the single units can be known only with some uncertainty, one of the consequences of the definitions of c h and k B in SI units is that one Planck mass multiplied by one Planck length is equal exactly to 1 l P × 1 m P = ħ / c = 6.62607015×10 −34 / 2π × 299792458 m⋅kg, while one Planck mass divided by one Planck temperature is equal exactly to 1 m P / 1 T P = k B / c 2 = … Papers by the Planck Collaboration, categorized into groups: Planck 2018 results /Planck 2015 results /Joint BICEP2 Keck Planck 2015 results /Planck 2013 results / Planck intermediate results (2012 -...) / Planck early results (2011) / Pre-launch results (2010) / Technical results (2003 - ...) / The Scientific Programme of Planck(2005) 2. General description []. The LFI detectors are called High Electron Mobility Transistors (or HEMTs), which are similar to the transistors in radios, amplifying the signal and converting it to a voltage. View. The four lower-frequency channels are sensitive to two polarisations of light, allowing more information to be gleaned from the CMB and other astronomy targets. From August 2009, Planck was the coldest known object in space, until its active coolant supply was exhausted in January 2012. … Planck provided a major source of information relevant to several cosmological and astrophysical issues, such as testing theories of the early Universe and the origin of cosmic structure. Planck had a higher resolution and sensitivity than WMAP, allowing it to probe the power spectrum of the CMB to much smaller scales (×3). Without this, trying to detect the CMB would be like trying to take a photo while shining a bright torch into the camera lens. Il sera envoyé dans l’espace le 16 avril prochain à bord d’une fusée Ariane 5 à partir de la base de lancement de l’ESA à Kourou, en Guyane française. The main mission of the satellite was to measure the cosmic microwave [12] Both figures include their mission's spacecraft and payload, (shared) launch and mission expenses, and science operations. New images of the Orion cloud using the Planck satellite’s microwave observations reveal the complex physical forces in the formation of new stars. The Planck satellite. [2] It reached the Earth/Sun L2 point by July 2009, and by February 2010 it had successfully started a second all-sky survey. View . The wavelength bands of the two instruments are shown as the hashed boxes. Context. The {\gamma}-ray data of Fermi-LAT on the giant lobes of Centaurus A are analysed together with the high frequency radio data obtained with the Planck satellite. Planck has a diffraction limit of a few arc mins in the highest frequency bands (centered on 545 GHz and 857 GHz and with a 30% bandwidth), yielding a higher resolution than the required 5 arcmins. The Planck High Frequency Instrument (HFI) has observed the full sky at six frequencies (100, 143, 217, 353, 545, and 857 GHz) in intensity and at four frequencies in … Der Satellit soll Temperaturfluktuationen der Hintergrundstrahlung im Bereich von einem Millionstel Grad ermitteln. The project was started around 1996 and was initially called COBRAS/SAMBA: the Cosmic Background Radiation Anisotropy Satellite/Satellite for Measurement of Background Anisotropies. It is dedicated to the measurement of the anisotropy of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) with unprecedented sensitivity and angular resolution. By my account, it was the birthdate of quantum mechanics. Image. The PLANCK satellite will map the full sky at nine frequencies from 30 to 857 GHz. View. Scientists at the Max-Planck-Institute for Astrophysics (MPA) assembled a sophisticated simulation package to help in the study of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation from the Big Bang. The results indicated that the data quality is excellent. [22], The first public scientific result of Planck is the Early-Release Compact-Source Catalogue, released during the January 2011 Planck conference in Paris. [13] The temperature of the High Frequency Instrument reached just a tenth of a degree above absolute zero (0.1 K) on 3 July 2009, placing both the Low Frequency and High Frequency Instruments within their cryogenic operational parameters, making Planck fully operational. The Planck Satellite Simulator – a Cosmological Toolbox. The use of multi-mode optics allows us to take advantage of increased sensitivity of … [36] Their results suggest the latter. mm-selected radio sources at frequencies below and overlappingwith the ESA’s Planck satellite frequency bands, minimizing the variability effects by observing almost simul-taneously with the first two Planckall-sky surveys. Planck is the successor to these satellites, covering a wider range of light frequencies with improved sensitivity and resolution. These receivers worked in four frequency channels, centred between 30 and 70 … Simply by being out in space and shielding itself from the Sun, Planck can cool down to around 50 K. One fridge will then cool LFI down to 20 K, with a further two fridges cooling various parts of HFI to either 4 K or 0.1 K. All the fridges use helium to achieve such low temperatures. This function is performed by the attitude control computer (ACC), which is the platform for the attitude control and measurement subsystem (ACMS). [20][21], On 5 July 2010, the Planck mission delivered its first all-sky image. The main line-of-sight sensor in both Herschel and Planck is the star tracker. Image. [30][31][32] The Hubble constant was also measured to be 67.80±0.77 (km/s)/Mpc.[28][30][33][34][35]. For Planck, the circular solar array is fixed on the bottom of the satellite, always facing the Sun as the satellite rotates on its vertical axis. [37] Some of the results include: Project scientists worked too with BICEP2 scientists to release joint research in 2015 answering whether a signal detected by BICEP2 was evidence of primordial gravitational waves, or was simple background noise from dust in the Milky Way galaxy. The image above shows the CMB intensity, or brightness, over a range of wavelengths from the Far-Infrared (Far-IR) to the Microwave. The imprint reflects ripples that arose as early in the existence of the Universe as the first nonillionth (10−30) of a second. The PLANCK satellite will map the full sky at nine frequencies from 30 to 857 GHz. At the end of its mission Planck was put into a heliocentric orbit and passivated to prevent it from endangering any future missions. Both SVMs are octagonal in shape and each panel is dedicated to accommodate a designated set of warm units, while taking into account the dissipation requirements of the different warm units, of the instruments, as well as the spacecraft. Sky maps give the best estimate of the intensity of the signal from the sky after removal, as far as possible, of known systematic effects and of the dipole signals induced by the motion of the solar system in the CMB and of the Planck satellite in the solar system. Planck was a space observatory operated by the European Space Agency (ESA) from 2009 to 2013, which mapped the anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) at microwave and infra-red frequencies, with high sensitivity and small angular resolution. The launch placed the craft into a very elliptical orbit (perigee: 270 km [170 mi], apogee: more than 1,120,000 km [700,000 mi]), bringing it near the L2 Lagrangian point of the Earth-Sun system, 1,500,000 kilometres (930,000 mi) from the Earth. The CMB intensity and polarization that are its prime targets are contaminated by foreground emission. As Planck is also a survey platform, there is the additional requirement for pointing reproducibility error less than 2.5 arc-minutes over 20 days. The final results from the ESA satellite LISA Pathfinder (LPF) have been published today. Launched in 2009, Planck was designed to map the sky in nine frequencies using two state-of-the-art instruments: the Low Frequency Instrument (LFI), which includes three frequency bands in the range 30-70 GHz, and the High Frequency Instrument (HFI), which includes six frequency bands in the range 100-857 GHz. All units on the SVM are redundant. Launch of Planck and Herschel [May 2009]. 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